Azote
Azote[1][2] (kuChingezi nitrogen) kana nito, inhangande yechemushonga ine chiratidzo N ne chiperengo che atoma cha Nomwe (7). Azote i-sinasimbi uye chikamu chakarerukisisa muboka re gumineshanu (15) murupotera rwe nhangande, anovanzo dana kunzi masikanito (kureva nictogens). Inhangande isingakoni kuwanikwa murudunhumwe, inofungairwa kuwapanzvimbo yechinomwe pakuwanda muGwararezhou ne Mutandira we Mushana. Pahujoto ne puresha dzakajairika, mahatoma maviri, enhangande anobatana ovumba N2, gasi ye mbiriatomu isina ruvara kana hwema. N2 inovumba muzana wemakumimanomwe-nesere (78%) ejingamweya re Rinopasi, zvichibva zvariisa pamusoro senhangande inowanikwa kakurusa isina kukumbanidzwa iri mumweya. Nekuda kwe kupaparika kwemakombaundi eazote, azote ishomekari muzvikamu zvekaoma zve Rinopasi.
Yakatanga kubvumbunurwa nekupatsanururwa ne chiremba wechiSkoti Daniel Rutherford muna-1772 uye na Carl Wilhelm Scheele pachake, na Henry Cavendish munguva yaivepedyo. Zita rokuti nitrogène rakayambiswa na mhizhamushonga wechiFurenji Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal muna1790 pazvakawanikwa kuti azote yainge iri munyong'o ye rw'azote (nitric acid) uye mahazoteri (nitrates). Antoine Lavoisier akayambisa zita rokuti azote, kubva pakuChigiriki-chekare ἀζωτικός "pasina vupenyu", nekudakwokuti raive gasi inovhumidzisa.
Azote inowanikwa muzvisikwa zvese, kunyanya munyong'o-amino (uye nekudaro mapurotini), mune nyong'o yechinyukliya (DNA neRNA) uye mune simba rekufambisa molecule adenosine triphosphate. Mwiri wemunhu une 3% azote nekuwanda, ye china yakanyanya kuwanda mumwiri mushure meufemo (okisijeni), kabhoni, uye sikamadzi (hidhirojeni). Iyo nhevedzwa (sayiko) re azote rinotsanangura kufamba kwechinhu kubva kumhepo, kupinda mugutebenyu (bhiosfiya) uye makombaundi echioganika, zvino kudzokera muguteromweya.
Mishonga mizhinji yakakosha muhushangazhi, senge amoniya, nyong'o ye nitiri, azoteri yechioganika (propellants uye zviputitswa), uye masiyanidhi (cyanides) ane azote. Bhondi-tatu rakanyanya kusimba munhangande azote (N≡N), bhondi riripachinzvimbo chechipiri pakusimba muchero madhihatomu morekuri mushure me Kabhoni Monokusaidhi (CO), inotonga chemishonga che azoteri. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuomerwa kwezvose zvipenyu uye indasitiri mukushandura N2 kuita makomisheni anobatsira, asi panguva imwecheteyo zvinoreva kuti kupisa, kuputika, kana kuora nitrogen makomisheni kuita gasi renitrogen rinoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesimba rinowanzo batsira. Synthetically inogadzirwa ammonia uye azoteri (nitrate) ndiwo akakosha mafetereza emaindasitiri, uye fetireza nitrate ndiwo akanyanya kusvibisa mu eutrophication yemvura masisitimu.
Yakatanga kuwanikwa uye yakaparadzaniswa nachiremba wokuSkotilendi (Vuskoti) Daniel Rutherford muna 1772. Kunyange zvazvo Carl Wilhelm Scheele na Henry Cavendish vakanga vazviita vakazvimirira panenge panguva imwe cheteyo, Rutherford anowanzopiwa mbiri nemhaka yokuti basa rake rakatanga kubudiswa. Zita rekuti nitrogène rakataurwa nemuongorori wemakemikari wekuFuranzi Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal muna 1790 pakaonekwa kuti azote yaive munyong'o ye nitiri ne azoteri. Antoine Lavoisier akakurudzira panzvimbo pezita rokuti nitrogen, kubva muChigiriki chekare: ἀζωτικός "hapana hupenyu", sezvo iri gasi rinopisa; Iri zita rinoshandiswa mumitauro yakati wandei, kusanganisira Chifurenji, Chiitari, Chirhashiya, Chiromania, Chiputukezi ne Chituruki, uye rinowanikwa mumazita eChingezi emamwe macompound e azote akadai se hidhirazi, maazidha (azides) uye makompaundi e azo.
Tafura ye horokodza
Azote | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Malotlopi: | tarisai chikamu chemalotlopi eAzote | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratidziko: | gasi isina ruvara, mutuvi, godo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uremu we
hatomu Ar°(N): |
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Azote muTafura ye Nhangande | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Numeri ye
hatomu (Z) |
7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boka: | boku 15 (pnictogens) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Piriyodhi: | piriyodhi 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bhuroku: | bhuroku-p | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jenganiso ye
mhodzgetsi: |
[He] 2s2 2p3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mhodzigetsi pa
goko: |
2, 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mutumbi we Miriki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fezi pa STP: | gas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poyindi yekunyauka: | (N2) 63.23 K
(−209.86 °C, −345.75 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poyindi yekufanza: | (N2) 77.355 K
(−195.795 °C, −320.431 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dhensiti (pa STP) | 1.2506 g/L at 0 °C, 1013 mbar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Semutuvi (pa b.p.) | 0.808 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poyindi itatu: | 63.151 K, 12.52 kPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poyindi iri critical: | 126.21 K, 3.39 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dziya yekunyenguka: | (N2) 0.72 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kudziya kwekupfunga: | (N2) 5.57 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capasity ye kudzaya
kuri-molar: |
(N2) 29.124 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Puresha ye mupfunga: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Miriki ye Hatomu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Umiriro ye | −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
(i-oxide ine nyong'o yakasimba) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uhwaradadahwegetsi:
(Electronegativity) |
Pauling scale: 3.04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ito (eneji) yekunonda: |
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Rhedhiyasi ye
Gombedzwana: |
71±1 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rhedhiyasi ye
Vhandewaarusi: |
155 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitsara unangazire we Azote
(Spectral lines e azote) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dzimwe Miriki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chiitiko murusikwa: | primordial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Strakcha ye kistaro: | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spidhi ye ruzha: | 353 m/s (gas, at 27 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity: | 25.83×10−3 W/(m⋅K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raya re magineti: | huguramagineti | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Numeri ya CAS: | 17778-88-0
7727-37-9 (N2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nhoroondo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kuvhumburwa: | Daniel Rutherford (1772) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yakatumidzwa na: | Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1790) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zita chinjirudza
Unenashoko chinjirudza
Zita iri rinowanikwa ku Chistandadhi Shona, hariko kuChishona chakadzama saka rinogona kunge richibva kuChiputukezi kunyangwe zvisina kugwarwa paDuramazwi reVashona. MuChiputukezi iyo nitrojeni inonzi azoto kana azote.
Zita rokuti sikanito ririkubva pachirevo cheChingezi, nitrogen kana rikapatsanurwa shoko rokuti nitro ndiro "nito" muChishona uye chivakamberi -gen zvinoreva kuti "sika; umba; gadzirwa ne-". Sika shoko rokuti nitrogen ndiro sikanito kana umbanito.
Chibanthu chinjirudza
Mazita renhangande zhinji haawanikwi kumitauro yakawanda yeChibantu. Chiswahiri pachinoshaya mazwi rinotora kubva kuChiarabhu nokuti kubva kudhara wakambo tora mazwi kubva kumutaura wacho. Mitauro zhinji yekuMabvazuva kwe Afurika inotodza Chiswahiri saka inowanzo tora wo mazita ezvinhu kubva kuChiswahiri nokuti chinotaurwa vanhu hobho.
Mazwi ashandiswa chinjirudza
- kistaro - kureva crystal, kana zita reChishona richizivikwa ngariiswe.
- kupfunga - vaporisation
- murasha - kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
- Sinasimbi (non-metal)
- Sinausimbi (non-metallic)
- Huguramagineti (diamagnetic) Guramagineti (diamagnet) Gura (dia-)
- Miriki (property) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri, kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
- Mutumbi (physical)
- Pwasoni (Poisson)
- murusikwa (natural/naturally) - kureva sozvazvakasikwa, umurusikwa (in it's created state/natural)
- malotlopi - allotropes
Mabviro eruzivo chinjirudza
- ↑ Vashona, 2015, "Nitrogen" Duramazwi re Vashona. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022
- ↑ "Duramazwi e Chishona"
- ↑ sw:wiki
- ↑ ln:wiki
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220625054645/http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/terminology/natural-sciences-and-technology-for-grade-4-to-6%20Ven.pdf Peji 113. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022