Kabhoni

Kabhoni (kubva kuChiratini: carbo kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunzi Chimurasha inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzo C uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi ne hombaina (tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbe bhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi. Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika, ¹²C ne¹³C ichidzikama, ukuwo ¹⁴C irhedhiyosomo (kureva radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

Kabhoni Ngoda (ruboshwe) ne Girafati (rudyi), malotlopi maviri eKabhoni 6C Malotlopi grafati, ngodza ne dzimwe (nemamwe malotlopi ayo) Ratidziko grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi ngoda: inoburikidza Huremu hwe Hatomu Ar, std(C) [12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011 Kabhoni muTafura ye Nhangande Numeri ye Hatomu 6 Boka boka 14 (boka re kabhoni) Rupotera rupotera 2 Bloku bloku - p Konfigari ye mhodzigetsi [He] 2s2 2p2 Mhodzigetsi padeko 2, 4 Mutumbi we miriki Fhezi pa STP godo (solidhi) Poyindi ye Sublimation 3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F) Dhensiti (near r.t.) amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 grafati: 2.267 g/cm3 ngoda: 3.515 g/cm3 Poiyindi itatu 4600 K, ​10,800 kPa Nyenguko ye Kudziya grafati: 117 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity grafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K) Mutumbi we Hatomu Miriro ye Oxidation −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly acidic oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.55 Ito ye kunonda 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol (more) Covalent radius sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm Unye we Vhandewaarusi: 170 pm Dzimwe miriki Spectral lines ye Kabhoni Natural occurrence primordial Chitangara che crystal grafati: ​chiugonyanhatu (tema) Chitangara che crystal ngoda: ​isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu (face-centered diamond-cubic) (clear) spidhi ye ruzha thin rod ngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion ngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity grafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K) Mukweso we magetsi grafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅m Raya re Magineti huguramagineti (diamagnetic) Molar magnetic susceptibility ngoda: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol Modhulasi ya Young ngoda: 1050 GPa Shear modhulasi ngoda: 478 GPa Uwandu we modhulasi ngoda: 442 GPa Rheshiyo ye Pwasoni ngoda: 0.1 Kuoma mu u-Mohs grafati: 1–2 ngoda: 10 Numeri ye CAS hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0 grafati: 7782-42-5 ngoda: 7782-40-3 Nhoroondo Kuvhumburwa Vaijipita ne Vasumeri (3750 BCE) Akaziva kuti inhangande ndi: Antoine Lavoisier (1789) Enzanhara ikuru ye Kabhoni Enzahara Uzhinji Hafu-Upenyu (t1/2) Modhi ye bvurunuro Prodhakti 11C syn 20 min β+ 11B 12C 98.9% stable 13C 1.1% stable 14C trace 5730 y β− 14N

Tsananguro

Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni), chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uye ufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzika mirongo (polymers) pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni. Malotlopi (kureva allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisira girafati, ngoda, amufurosi kabhoni uye fullerenes. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uye girafini (kureva graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kureva thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

Zita

Unenaruvambo

Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuti carbo rinoreva kuti marasha.

Mashoko ashandiswa

• murasha- kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
• Sinasimbi (non-metal)
• Sinarusimbi/sinavusimbi (non-metallic); rusimbi (metallic)
• Hombaina (tetravalent) tarisai hukomba hweNhangande
• Amufurosi (amorphous)
• Ruguramagineti/Huguramagineti (diamagnetic) Guramagineti (diamagnet) Gura (dia-)
• Miriki (property) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri, kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
• Pwasoni (Poisson)
• ito (eneji)

Mabviro eruzivo

• enwiki