Kabhoni

Kabhoni (kubva kuChiratini: carbo kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunzi Chimurasha inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzo C uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi ne hombaina (tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbe bhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi. Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika, ¹²C ne¹³C ichidzikama, ukuwo ¹⁴C irhedhiyosomo (kureva radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

Kabhoni

Ngoda (ruboshwe) ne Girafati (rudyi), malotlopi maviri eKabhoni

₆C

Malotlopi

grafati, ngodza ne dzimwe

(nemamwe malotlopi ayo)

Ratidziko

grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi
ngoda: inoburikidza

Huremu hwe Hatomu

A_{r, std}(C)

[12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011

Kabhoni muTafura ye Nhangande

Numeri ye Hatomu

6

Boka

boka 14 (boka re kabhoni)

Rupotera

rupotera 2

Bloku

bloku - p

Konfigari ye

mhodzigetsi

[He] 2s² 2p²

Mhodzigetsi padeko

2, 4

Mutumbi we miriki

Fhezi pa STP

godo (solidhi)

Poyindi ye Sublimation

3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)

Dhensiti (near r.t.)

amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm³
grafati: 2.267 g/cm³
ngoda: 3.515 g/cm³

Poiyindi itatu

4600 K, 10,800 kPa

Nyenguko ye Kudziya

grafati: 117 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity

grafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K)

ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K)

Mutumbi we Hatomu

Miriro ye Oxidation

−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

(a mildly acidic oxide)

Electronegativity

Pauling scale: 2.55

Ito ye kunonda

1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
(more)

Covalent radius

sp³: 77 pm

sp²: 73 pm sp: 69 pm

Unye we

Vhandewaarusi:

170 pm

Dzimwe miriki

Spectral lines ye Kabhoni

Natural occurrence

primordial

Chitangara che crystal

grafati: chiugonyanhatu

(tema)

Chitangara che crystal

ngoda: isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu

(face-centered diamond-cubic)

(clear)

spidhi ye ruzha thin rod

ngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)

Thermal expansion

ngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)

Thermal conductivity

grafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K)

ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)

Mukweso we magetsi

grafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅m

Raya re Magineti

huguramagineti (diamagnetic)

Molar magnetic

susceptibility

ngoda: −5.9×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol

Modhulasi ya Young

ngoda: 1050 GPa

Shear modhulasi

ngoda: 478 GPa

Uwandu we modhulasi

ngoda: 442 GPa

Rheshiyo ye Pwasoni

ngoda: 0.1

Kuoma mu u-Mohs

grafati: 1–2

ngoda: 10

Numeri ye CAS

hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0
grafati: 7782-42-5
ngoda: 7782-40-3

Nhoroondo

Kuvhumburwa

Vaijipita ne Vasumeri (3750 BCE)

Akaziva kuti

inhangande ndi:

Antoine Lavoisier (1789)

Enzanhara ikuru ye Kabhoni

Enzahara	Uzhinji	Hafu-Upenyu (t_1/2)	Modhi ye bvurunuro	Prodhakti
¹¹C	syn	20 min	β⁺	¹¹B
¹²C	98.9%	stable
¹³C	1.1%	stable
¹⁴C	trace	5730 y	β⁻	¹⁴N

Tsananguro

Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni), chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uye ufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzika mirongo (polymers) pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni. Malotlopi (kureva allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisira girafati, ngoda, amufurosi kabhoni uye fullerenes. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uye girafini (kureva graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kureva thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

Zita

Unenaruvambo

Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuti carbo rinoreva kuti marasha.

Mashoko ashandiswa

murasha- kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
Sinasimbi (non-metal)
Sinarusimbi/sinavusimbi (non-metallic); rusimbi (metallic)
Hombaina (tetravalent) tarisai hukomba hweNhangande
Amufurosi (amorphous)
Ruguramagineti/Huguramagineti (diamagnetic) Guramagineti (diamagnet) Gura (dia-)
Miriki (property) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri, kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
Pwasoni (Poisson)
ito (eneji)

Mabviro eruzivo

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