Chitai

Chitai (mu Chitai: ภาษาไทย) kana Chisiyamu munhoroondo, mutauro weChitai uri mumhuri yemutauro weTai-Kadhai unotaurwa nevanhu veTai yePakati uye ruzhinji rweTai-Chayina. Ndiwo wega mutauro wepamutemo weVutai (kana Tairendi).^[1]^[2]

Tai ndiwo mutauro unonyanyotaurwa pamitauro 60 inotaurwa muVutai nenhamba yevatauri veko uye vatauri vese. Inopfuura hafu yemazwi ayo anotorwa kubva kana kukweretwa kubva kuPali, Sanskrit, Mon^[3] uye chiKhmer cheKare. Mutauro we tonal uye wekuongorora, wakafanana ne Chichayina ne Chivhiyetinamu.

Ruambainzwi chinjirudza

Zvinz chinjirudza

on (1993:25)

	Front		Back
	Unrounded				Rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	/i/ -ิ	/iː/ -ี	/ɯ/ -ึ	/ɯː/ -ื-	/u/ -ุ	/uː/ -ู
Mid	/e/ เ-ะ	/eː/ เ-	/ɤ/ เ-อะ	/ɤː/ เ-อ	/o/ โ-ะ	/oː/ โ-
Low	/ɛ/ แ-ะ	/ɛː/ แ-	/a/ -ะ, -ั-	/aː/ -า	/ɔ/ เ-าะ	/ɔː/ -อ

Mavhawero ega ega aripo mumapatya mapfupi-akareba: aya mafonemesi akasiyana anoumba mazwi asina hukama muchiThai, asi kazhinji anoturikirwa zvakafanana: เขา (khao) zvinoreva "iye" kana "iye", ukuwo ขาว (khao) zvinoreva "chena".

Iwo marefu-pfupi mapeya ndeaya anotevera:

Long					Short
Thai	IPA	Example			Thai	IPA	Example
–า	/aː/	ฝาน	/fǎːn/	'to slice'	–ะ	/a/	ฝัน	/fǎn/	'to dream'
–ี	/iː/	กรีด	/krìːt/	'to cut'	–ิ	/i/	กริช	/krìt/	'kris'
–ู	/uː/	สูด	/sùːt/	'to inhale'	–ุ	/u/	สุด	/sùt/	'rearmost'
เ–	/eː/	เอน	/ʔēːn/	'to recline'	เ–ะ	/e/	เอ็น	/ʔēn/	'tendon, ligament'
แ–	/ɛː/	แพ้	/pʰɛ́ː/	'to be defeated'	แ–ะ	/ɛ/	แพะ	/pʰɛ́ʔ/	'goat'
–ื-	/ɯː/	คลื่น	/kʰlɯ̂ːn/	'wave'	–ึ	/ɯ/	ขึ้น	/kʰɯ̂n/	'to go up'
เ–อ	/ɤː/	เดิน	/dɤ̄ːn/	'to walk'	เ–อะ	/ɤ/	เงิน	/ŋɤ̄n/	'silver'
โ–	/oː/	โค่น	/kʰôːn/	'to fell'	โ–ะ	/o/	ข้น	/kʰôn/	'thick (soup)'
–อ	/ɔː/	กลอง	/klɔːŋ/	'drum'	เ–าะ	/ɔ/	กล่อง	/klɔ̀ŋ/	'box'

Kune zvakare kuvhura nekuvhara diphthong muThai, iyo Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993) vanoongorora sepazasi /Vj/ uye /Vw/. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:

Long		Short
Thai script	IPA	Thai script	IPA
–าย	/aːj/	ไ–^, ใ–^, ไ–ย, -ัย	/aj/
–าว	/aːw/	เ–า^*	/aw/
เ–ีย	/iːə/	เ–ียะ	/iə/
–	–	–ิว	/iw/
–ัว	/uːə/	–ัวะ	/uə/
–ูย	/uːj/	–ุย	/uj/
เ–ว	/eːw/	เ–็ว	/ew/
แ–ว	/ɛːw/	–	–
เ–ือ	/ɯːə/	เ–ือะ	/ɯə/
เ–ย	/ɤːj/	–	–
–อย	/ɔːj/	–	–
โ–ย	/oːj/	–	–

Uyezve, kune matatu matatu matatu matatu. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:

Thai script	IPA
เ–ียว*	/iəw/
–วย*	/uəj/
เ–ือย*	/ɯəj/

Manzwi chinjirudza

Pane manzwi mashanu efonemic: pakati, pasi, kudonha, kumusoro, uye kusimuka, dzimwe nguva kunotaurwa mumabhuku ekare erectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, uye demissus, zvichiteerana.[14] Tafura inoratidza muenzaniso wezvose zviri zviviri toni dzefoniki nekuziva kwavo fonetiki, muIPA.

Zvinembo:

Kukosha kwetoni yemazinga mashanu: Pakati [33], Pazasi [21], Kudonha [43], Kumusoro [44], Kusimuka [323]. Nechinyakare, toni yakakwirira yakanyorwa senge [44] kana [45]. Izvi zvinoramba zviri chokwadi kuchizvarwa chekare, asi inzwi repamusoro riri kuchinja kusvika [334] pakati pevaduku
Nezve diachronic shanduko yetoni kukosha, ndapota ona Pittayaporn (2007).
Mazwi akazara ematoni anongowanikwa mune anodaidzwa kuti "masyllables mhenyu", ayo anopera nevhawero refu kana sonorant (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).
Kune "masyllables akafa", ayo anoguma ne plosive (/p/, /t/, /k/) kana muvhawero pfupi, misiyano mitatu yetoni inogoneka: yakaderera, yakakwirira, uye inodonha. Nemhaka yokuti masirabhi akaongororwa seanoguma nevhawero pfupi angave ane glottal stop yekupedzisira (kunyanya mukutaura kunononoka), ose "masyllables akafa" anotariswa nefonetiki, uye ane kuderedzwa kwetoni inventory yemavara akaongororwa.

Masiribho asina kuchekwa chinjirudza

Inzwi	Chitai	Enzano	Fonemiki	Fonetiki	Gloss
mid	สามัญ	คา	/kʰāː/	[kʰaː˧]	stick
low	เอก	ข่า	/kʰàː/	[kʰaː˨˩] or [kʰaː˩]	galangal
falling	โท	ค่า	/kʰâː/	[kʰaː˥˩]	value
high	ตรี	ค้า	/kʰáː/	[kʰaː˦˥] or [kʰaː˥]	to trade
rising	จัตวา	ขา	/kʰǎː/	[kʰaː˩˩˦] or [kʰaː˩˦]	leg

Masiribho akachekwa chinjirudza

Inzwi	Chitai	Enzano	Fonemiki	Fonitiki	Gloss
low (short vowel)	เอก	หมัก	/màk/	[mak̚˨˩]	marinate
low (long vowel)	เอก	หมาก	/màːk/	[maːk̚˨˩]	areca nut, areca palm, betel, fruit
high	ตรี	มัก	/mák/	[mak̚˦˥]	habitually, likely to
falling	โท	มาก	/mâːk/	[maːk̚˥˩]	a lot, abundance, many

Mune mamwe mazwi echikwereti echiRungu, masirabhi akavharika ane mavhawero marefu anopera nezwi risinganzwisisike, ane inzwi repamusoro, uye masirabhuri akavharika ane mavhawero mapfupi anoguma nezwi rakabvongodza ane inzwi rekudonha.

Tone	Thai	Example	Phonemic	Phonetic	Gloss
high	ตรี	มาร์ก	/máːk/	[maːk̚˦˥]	Marc, Mark
high	ตรี	สตาร์ต	/sa.táːt/	[sa.taːt̚˦˥]	start
high	ตรี	บาส(เกตบอล)	/báːt(.kêt.bɔ̄n)/¹	[baːt̚˦˥(.ket̚˥˩.bɔn˧)]	basketball
falling	โท	เมกอัป	/méːk.ʔâp/	[meːk̚˦˥.ʔap̚˥˩]	make-up

¹ May be /báːs.kêt.bɔ̄l/ in educated speech.

Mabviro eruzivo chinjirudza

↑ Diller, A.; Reynolds, Craig J. (2002). "What makes central Thai a national language?". In Reynolds (ed.). National identity and its defenders : Thailand today. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974-7551-88-8. OCLC 54373362.
↑ Draper, John (2019), "Language education policy in Thailand", The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 229–242, doi:10.4324/9781315666235-16, ISBN 978-1-315-66623-5
↑ Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781316007334.

[1] Diller, A.; Reynolds, Craig J. (2002). "What makes central Thai a national language?". In Reynolds (ed.). National identity and its defenders : Thailand today. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974-7551-88-8. OCLC 54373362.

[2] Draper, John (2019), "Language education policy in Thailand", The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 229–242, doi:10.4324/9781315666235-16, ISBN 978-1-315-66623-5

[3] Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781316007334.

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